Undergraduate Group Projects
- [130] A Conservation Outlook on Tropical Deforestation
- [131] Amazon Deforestation Abstract
- [132] Arctic Change: Drivers and Solutions
- [133] Assessment of Land Use in Michigan and Its Impact on Soil Degradation
- [134] Barriers to Tribal Conservation Efforts in the United States
- [135] Brook Trout Behavioral Avoidance in Exposure to SILV-EX Plus Class A Fire Foam
- [136] Chlorpromazine Effects Autophagy by Down Regulating CaMKKbeta in GBM Cells
- [137] Climate Communication: How to Motivate Climate Action
- [138] Consequences of Permafrost Thaw on the Planet’s Systems and People’s Livelihoods
- [139] Creating Contracts Landowners to Reduce Deforestation in the U.S.
- [140] Ecological Significance of Endoparasite Load in Narten of Michigan and Alaska
- [141] Eliminating Explotation of Exotic Animals in the Entertainment Industry
- [142] Eradication and Control Management for Free-roaming Cats
- [143] Exotic Animal Use in Traditional Chinese Medicine
- [144] Exploring Undergraduate Research at NMU
- [145] Fluoxetine Sensitizes Glioblastoma Cells to Temozolomide Treatment
- [146] Global Overfishing of Sharks
- [147] Managing Sustainable Fisheries in the Mediterranean
- [148] Mass Waste: Fault of Consumers or Corporations?
- [149] Oceanic Surfers
- [150] Pi-Pi Interaction Based Organocatalyst Assembly for Asymmetric Reactions
- [151] Relationship Between Brook Trout Egg Size and Larval Risk Behavior
- [152] SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Wastewater via Digital Droplet Polymerase Chain Reaction
- [153] Sea Lampreys (Petromyzon Marinus): The Aquatic Invaders of the Great Lakes
- [154] Synaptic Mechanisms Underlying Hyperactivity in Alzheimer’s Disease
- [155] The Decline of Major Pollinator Groups
- [156] The Expression of Cannabinoid Receptors in Glioblastoma Multiforme Tumors
- [157] Degradation of Global Water Ecosystems: Water Pollution
- [158] The Impact of Oil
- [159] The Perils of Palm Oil Plantations
- [160] Trophy Hunting: Impact and Relevance to Species Conservation
- [161] Undergraduate Research at Northern Michigan University: Students Perspective
- [162] An Investigation of Intercommunity Interactions; Moose, Grey Wolf, and Coyote
[130]
A Conservation Outlook on Tropical Deforestation
Joelle Gallaugher, Junior - Biology - Ecology
Morgan Ciecko, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Mason George, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Faculty Mentor: Erin McKenney
Poster
100 years ago when you looked at a satellite image of our world as we know it, you saw flourishing plots of untouched, expansive, wild forests. Now, according to satellite data, tropical forests are being destroyed at rates around 8 million hectares per year, approximately the size of South Carolina. While there are individual, local, and global economic benefits that coincide with deforestation, the large scale environmental ramifications are far greater. Global tree cover loss and primary forest loss in the tropics are increasing. Although scientists conclude that deforestation has been declining since the 1990s, the damage done thus far is felt worldwide, and will not cease until proper action is taken. The goal of this project is to increase general knowledge on the causes and effects of deforestation and future implications on the rainforest, while also offering viable solutions to mitigate damage. To accomplish this goal, we conducted an extensive literature review to examine the loss of biodiversity associated with tropical deforestation. To increase awareness on the causes and effects of deforestation, our project will consider the interconnected drivers of deforestation, along with the strain these drivers put on ecosystems. The relevance of examining deforestation is to induce a conservation mindset that will aid in future climate change mitigation efforts. The role humans play in climate change is extensive, and must be examined on both local and global scales. We need to be aware of the overall impact we play and what we are stripping from our earth in places that should otherwise remain untouched.
[131]
Amazon Deforestation Abstract
Cole Bonino, Senior - Environmental Science
Jacob Laurain, Senior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Abigail Schuster, Junior - Biology - Ecology
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
Smoke billows as acres upon acres of the Amazon rainforest are destroyed and converted from a lush, carbon sequestering forest into fields of livestock and agriculture. The Amazon rainforest has experienced some of the highest rates of deforestation in the world. Continual cutting and burning of the rainforest for cattle and soy farming is slowly depleting the diverse ecosystem’s soil quality, water systems, and microbial community. While also affecting the indigenous people who have called the Amazon home for thousands of years. Much of Brazil’s economic growth relies heavily on the use and expansion of agriculture and many studies have looked at how agriculture is affecting biological systems in the Amazon rainforest. However, a comprehensive review of the social and economic aspects involving the environmental consequences of agriculture has hardly been identified. Here, we explore how current agricultural practices in the Amazon rainforest impact people and the whole ecosystem, and the possible ways to go about mitigating and adapting to these issues. To accomplish this goal, we conducted an extensive literature review to examine this issue from diverse perspectives. In doing so, we identified the complexities between the social and environmental aspects that have led to deforestation in the Amazon. Advancing our knowledge of how human needs for agriculture have had a detrimental effect on the Amazon rainforest allows us to become aware of this problem on a global scale. Enabling us to work to find more sustainable solutions in order to help protect the Amazon rainforest from the advancements of agriculture.
[132]
Arctic Change: Drivers and Solutions
Lindsey Walter, Sophomore - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Alyssa Zelakiewicz, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Alexandria Crosby, Junior - Biology - Zoology
Reese Dorroh, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
The Arctic is collapsing! Scientists believe that by 2040 the polar region, which is home to an abundance of unique species, will have no more remaining ice. According to the World Wildlife Fund, the Arctic is losing sea ice at a rate of thirteen percent per decade. Due to this loss, species are forced to seek out new habitats resulting in land conflict between animals and humans, a loss of genetic variability due to fragmentation, and a rapidly increasing possibility of extinction. This habitat loss greatly affects many Arctic animals such as migratory seabirds, polar bears, and several aquatic mammal species. The goal of this project is to offer solutions to help conserve the sea-ice in the Arctic. To accomplish this goal, as a part of a cross-institutional study between North Carolina State University and Northern Michigan University, our group conducted an extensive literature review to get a full understanding of this conservation issue and examined it from diverse perspectives. We plan to address the direct impacts of climate change on the Arctic, how habitat loss is harming Arctic wildlife specifically, and how we can help preserve the sea-ice for generations to come. Focusing on the Arctic not only allows us to observe the direct effects on the specific region and the species within but also helps us gain a better understanding of current causes contributing to habitat loss and fragmentation and how to possibly mitigate these issues in other regions.
[133]
Assessment of Land Use in Michigan and Its Impact on Soil Degradation
Serena Soulliere, Senior - Environmental Science
Brandon T, Senior - Biology - Ecology
Andrew Brady, Senior - Biology - Botany
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
Anthropogenic impacts on soil health and degradation persist despite humanity’s reliance on the food and drinking water that healthy soil provides. Soil degradation via land-use change has proven to be a direct threat to ecosystem health and stability1. This threat ultimately diminishes the ecosystem services that the human race relies on for survival and development. Although studies have shown that soil degradation due to land-use change is a major threat worldwide, the danger it poses is often not well-communicated to the general public. The goal of this project is to educate people on soil stewardship and to enhance communication about how land-use impacts soil. To accomplish this goal, we conducted an extensive literature review to examine this issue from diverse perspectives. From our review, we compiled resources and information into infographics that convey data in a more readable, accessible manner. Our project will provide easily digestible information that describes how average homeowners or landworkers can make the best sustainable decision for their soils. The information we provide could potentially help to inform policy makers on decisions pertaining to land use, development, and city planning. We hope that this will help the general public better understand the issues associated with soil degradation because without healthy soils humans could never be as advanced as we are today.
[134]
Barriers to Tribal Conservation Efforts in the United States
Levi Lewis, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Leanna Hoyer, Senior - Biology - Ecology
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
Strategic land management is critical to protecting natural resources. Indigenous peoples in the U.S. have engaged in practical conservation and resource management practices, collectively known as Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), for thousands of years. Federally mandated conservation efforts have historically been carried out with blatant disregard for TEK and in direct conflict with tribal sovereignty. While some tribes have won legal battles leading to decolonization, regaining critical resources, and ancestral lands, many Native American tribes lack the means or ownership over their lands to carry out conservation efforts. This literary review investigates the historical legislation and Western methodology of conservation and entitlement that lead to Native American conservation management exclusion. Our research finds Native Americans excluded from resource and land management and examples of the benefits of merging TEK with Western conservation strategies.
[135]
Brook Trout Behavioral Avoidance in Exposure to SILV-EX Plus Class A Fire Foam
Joshua Perry, Senior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Ryan Heines, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Jill Leonard - Biology
Poster
Oversupression from the 1900’s and anthropogenic climate change has caused an increase in the occurrence and severity of wildfires in North America. SILV-EX Plus Class A Fire Control Concentrate is marketed as a biodegradable fire suppressant commonly used in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan for wildland firefighting. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are a highly valued sportfish native to Michigan, and are commonly found in streams located within jack pine (Pinus banksiana) stands. SILV-EX has previously been shown to have an LC50 at 12ᵒC of 103.2mg/L in age 1 brook trout. It is important to determine if there is active avoidance by brook trout of SILV-EX class A foam during an exposure event. Ten minute exposure trials with 25% and 75% of LC10 were conducted with age 1 brook trout. In order to measure avoidance behavior, individuals were added to the trial chamber which included an open field (50% of chamber) with two cover zones on opposite ends of the chamber (25% each). Water and diluted chemical were added at a rate of 0.36 liters per minute over a ten minute period. Time spent per zone and number of transitions between zones were recorded. Initial results from a Kruskal-Wallis test indicate that there is no significant difference between time spent in treatment and control (P>.05), suggesting that these fish may not be able to detect and avoid fire foam when it is encountered in the wild.
[136]
Chlorpromazine Effects Autophagy by Down Regulating CaMKKbeta in GBM Cells
Aleya Speas, Junior - Neuroscience
Megan Altekruse, Junior - Biochemistry
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Robert Winn - Biology
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Amber LaCrosse - Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center
Faculty Mentor: Daniel Raymond - Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center
Poster
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has a poor prognosis with overall survival of 14–15 months after surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy using temozolomide (TMZ). Resistance to TMZ is the main cause of treatment failure in patients with GBM, so the search for ways of increasing TMZ effectiveness is an important avenue of study. In three unrelated studies concerning antipsychotics and CaMKKbeta mediated autophagy, it was found that CaMKKbeta is an upstream inhibitor of MTOR mediated autophagy and to decrease expression of CaMKKbeta decreases MTOR mediated autophagy in GBM cells; therefore increasing the effectiveness of TMZ treatment. Furthermore, antipsychotics have been shown to decrease CaMKKbeta expression. Chlorpromazine is a phenothiazine antipsychotic. In the present study, we attempt to answer the question if we could decrease CaMKKbeta expression in GBM cells with the antipsychotic Chlorpromazine and increase the effectiveness of TMZ treatment by reducing autophagy. We showed that Chlorpromazine downregulates the expression of CaMKKbeta in a dose-dependent fashion. Following a 24 hour treatment of the GBM cell line u87-MG with Chlorpromazine (5mM), a standard western blotting procedure was used to demonstrate a decrease in CaMKKbeta expression. Furthermore, based on these results we were able to further decrease CaMKKbeta expression with Chlorpromazine in combination with 750uM TMZ in U87s. Next, the Western blotting results will be used to visualize the optimal dosage for reducing CaMKKbeta expression, therefore sensitizing these cells to TMZ. To validate the increased effectiveness of TMZ following exposure to Chlorpromazine, a cell colony formation assay and cell proliferation assay will be performed. Collectively these data support a novel approach to sensitizing GBM cells to standard chemotherapy drugs and theoretically improving patient outcomes.
[137]
Climate Communication: How to Motivate Climate Action
Amanda Antal, Senior - Biology
Kelly Manssur, Junior - Biology
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
All it takes is for the Earth’s temperature to increase three degrees Celcius before it becomes uninhabitable, but changes in human behavior have the potential to mitigate the most severe effects of climate change. Current research suggests that humans struggle to take responsibility for climate change because they perceive themselves to be invulnerable to its most devastating effects (Betz & Coley, 2021); the level of perceived personal risk to individuals can alter their climate related views and subsequent actions (Dong et al., 2018); and vulnerable populations often have the greatest perceived and actual risks as a result of climate change and social justice (Levy & Patz, 2015). However, more research is needed on effective methods of communication that can motivate changes in people’s behavior to take the positive climate action needed to mitigate climate impacts. Through an extensive literature review, the goal of this project is to provide researchers, educators, organizations, and officials with more information about how climate change communication is interpreted and a new method for more effective presentation in altering climate related behaviors. Our objectives include the following: identifying relationships of short-term gratification and long-term risks as they relate to humans’ current impact on climate, examining the role of vulnerability to actual and perceived risks of climate change as it relates to climate action, and determining the applications of risk immediacy within current climate communication. Most people have a basic understanding of climate change; what is not understood is the importance of changing our actions and behaviors now to avoid risks becoming reality.
[138]
Consequences of Permafrost Thaw on the Planet’s Systems and People’s Livelihoods
Marina Morse, Sophomore - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Lovisa Kunkle, Junior - Biology - Ecology
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
Permafrost, or ground with a temperature remaining at or below zero degrees Celsius for at least two consecutive years, underlies one-quarter of the northern hemisphere and roughly seventeen percent of the planet’s exposed land surface1. Northern hemisphere soils contain nearly double the amount of mercury as all other soils, the ocean, and the atmosphere combined2. In fact, permafrost is one of the largest known repositories of carbon, mercury, and methane on the planet, and releases those gases into the atmosphere and hydrosphere when it thaws. Multiple factors contribute to thawing, including increased global warming associated with the rise of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, boreal forest wildfires, development, and urbanization3. Although we know that permafrost is melting at an unprecedented rate, the effects go unrecorded each year due to a general lack of research and investment. Our hope is to educate the public about the dangers permafrost thawing poses to Earth's systems and human livelihoods. To fully understand the general effects that permafrost thawing has on the planet, we conducted an extensive literature review from diverse perspectives. We think the negative effects of melting permafrost will persist, degrading the atmosphere and hydrosphere to an unmendable state. Gathering data on permafrost melting and its consequences can lead to a better understanding of how we can work to preserve these arctic ecosystems and our own quality of life.
[139]
Creating Contracts Landowners to Reduce Deforestation in the U.S.
Kellsey Grange, Senior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Jensen Diment, Senior - Biology - Ecology
Avery May, Junior - Biology - Ecology
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
Deforestation is a huge issue that plagues both the Amazon Rainforest and the forest systems of the United States, both largely contribute to the issue of deforestation and lead to ecosystem degradation. Rapid urbanization and population growth in the US has been taking away forests faster then they can be repopulated. Not only does this reduce biodiversity, but deforestation also decreases our available carbon sinks. Thus, deforestation ultimately impacts the rate at which phenomena such as global warming occurs. However, it is not too late to remediate forest loss. The goal of our project is to help find new technologies and programs to help recultivate previously used lands and create incentives for keeping forests untouched. To accomplish this goal, we conducted an extensive literature review to examine the drivers and consequences of deforestation from various perspectives and ultimately create a new way of thinking about deforestation in the U.S. From our work we identify solutions that include financial incentives for forest land-owners to maintain their forested lands and creating boundaries for farms to follow; allowing a balance between farmland and land set aside for forests. It is important to recognize that deforestation is a multifaceted world problem and gaining support will be easier since it encompasses multiple world issues. If we can provide support that the remedy for deforestation will also solve issues such as climate change and loss of biodiversity, then it will be easier for people to accept new policies and divert funding to our cause. Since deforestation is very interconnected with other global issues such as climate change, habitat loss, snowpack, etc; advancing our knowledge of how to reduce deforestation can aid us in solving many of our current ecological problems.
[140]
Ecological Significance of Endoparasite Load in Narten of Michigan and Alaska
Cassidy Downing, Senior - Biology
Zack Van Huysen, Senior - Biology - Ecology
Claire Jorgensen, Freshman - Art and Design
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Kurt Galbreath - Biology
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
Though the American marten (Martes americana) is considered an important indicator species of forest ecosystems, we know very little about its endoparasite ecology. In Michigan, marten populations have been nearly extirpated, in contrast to the relatively consistent populations throughout Interior Alaska. Contrasting these populations presents an opportunity to learn about the distribution of parasite diversity in recovering species of concern. This situation also offers an opportunity to make interesting observations of marten parasite-host interactions. Our goal was to understand the diversity, prevalence, and intensity of infections of gastrointestinal parasites in marten collected by trappers in Michigan and Alaska. We sampled 98 marten gastrointestinal tracts from Interior Alaska and 12 from Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. Preliminary data shows 45% prevalence of infection in Alaskan marten, while Michigan samples were at 8%. We plan to utilize DNA sequencing to confirm species identifications for collected parasites. We will use these data to evaluate the population structure of parasites in these marten populations. We also collected gut microbiome samples from each Alaskan marten, which will be used to study relationships between gut microbiome assemblages of marten and their helminth infections. This study will contribute to our understanding of the abundance and diversity of parasites in Michigan and Alaskan marten, a species of regulation concern and an economically valuable fur-bearer.
[141]
Exploitation Elimination: Spotlighting Animal Abuses For the Entertainment Industry
Aster Bechek Bechek, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Carly Messina, Senior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Krystian Knaga, Senior - Biology - Zoology
Mayla Ngo, Senior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
Picture 100 horses dying on set, orcas being abused in their tanks, or 50 live big cats being used in movies. Animal abuse and exploitation have and continue to be put in the spotlight for human entertainment in media and nature. Certain laws and regulations have been put into place to ensure these animals of entertainment remain protected. However, abuse still persists behind closed doors, as evidenced by the cautionary tales that have been revealed to the public. Isolation, starvation, physical abuse, and exploitation of these entertainment animals persist in the shadows with little being done about it. The goal of this project is to highlight past atrocities and-to expose what is happening in the current media. To accomplish this goal, we conducted an extensive literature review to examine this issue from diverse perspectives including lawsuits against the Ringling Bros. Circus, the SeaWorld fiascos, and current issues revolving around the “Tiger King” Netflix drama. We aim to use the historic evidence and recent findings to spread awareness of animal exploitation, and to promote care for captive animals by issuing the possibilities of new wildlife protection legislatures to stop this abuse. By advancing public knowledge on this topic, we hope not only to promote care for these animals but also to make relocation and rehabilitation possible and help bolster the re-population of certain species in the wild.
[142]
Eradication and Control Management for Free-Roaming Cats
Brandon Zelakiewicz, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Jessica Anderson, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
Each year feral and domesticated cats, Felis catus, are responsible for killing up to 22.3 billion animals including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates. These free-ranging cats are predatory and invasive species across the globe. Most people do not think about how much of a threat they pose to species around the world. Given the current populations of feral and domestic cats around the world, extensive conservation efforts are needed to protect native wildlife and ecosystems from being eliminated. The goal of this project is to offer best strategies to alleviate these impacts from free-ranging cats that are persistently shown in ecology. To accomplish this goal, we conducted an extensive literature review to examine the negative influence free-ranging cats have on biodiversity around the world. In addition, we examined multiple management strategies to determine the best methods of minimizing impact from cats and decreasing feral cat populations. We plan to demonstrate the importance of implementing these best determined management practices of feral cats by introducing hunting, poison baiting, live trapping, and trap-neuter-release operations; as well as urging domestic cat owners to keep their pet inside or implementing technology to try to protect native species from attacks. In doing so, we hope to educate cat owners and cat enthusiasts about the conservation threat free-ranging cats pose on diverse taxa in an effort to create sustainable conservation plans for native prey species.
[143]
Exotic Animal Use in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Zachary Ziegler, Sophmore - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Jack Culvey, Junior - Outdoor Recreation Leadership and Management
Henry Steinhauer, Junior - Biology - Ecology
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
Only recently have humans started to use synthetic derivatives for medicine. Before, they relied solely on the environment to solve illnesses and injuries. Human ingenuity has since created complex systems of healthcare, which blend cultural, spiritual, and superstitious beliefs, with real or perceived pharmaceutical benefits of the organisms around them. Currently, about 80% of the world's population still rely on traditional medicine as their primary health care. The perpetuation of traditional medicine systems in conjunction with rapidly growing local populations, has led to an exponential increase in demand for products and organisms tied to the market. The combination of these factors inflates exotic species' value and puts a large strain on the environment. The illegal wildlife trade is currently estimated to be worth 7-23 billion dollars per year, with traditional medicine practices making up a large percentage. Practices of this nature are especially prevalent in Eastern culture, but most of the data comes from consumer surveys. Despite the popularity of traditional medicine, there are few conservation strategies to address the environmental concerns this use of exotic animals poses. We conducted an extensive literature review to gather all the available data on exotic animals used for traditional medicine to identify conservation strategies that can be used to reduce animal exploitation. Our project aims to use the data we gather to educate the general public about the trade in exotic animals for the traditional medicine trade. We hope our work will help to conserve exploited species by promoting public awareness, to hopefully create a bigger push for the termination of exotic animal use in traditional medicine permanently.
[144]
Exploring Undergraduate Research at NMU
Amanda Bonesteel, Sophomore - Sociology
Amy Nelson, Junior - Social Work
Sarah Hiuber, Sophomore - Sociology
Kaitlyn Bammel, Junior - Social Work
Josie Jukuri, Senior - Social Work
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Yan Ciupak - Sociology and Anthropology
Poster
This study will survey department heads and faculty as part of a larger project that intends to explore undergraduate research (UR) at Northern Michigan University (NMU). In addition, the project will attempt to identify the benefits and challenges associated with undergraduate research. This phase of the study will explore how department heads and faculty define and provide UR to students through a sequential mixed-methods design. Qualtrics questionnaires will be used to survey department heads and faculty and will focus on how often students in each department have opportunities to conduct research, how research is defined by different majors, what research activities are happening, what challenges are experienced, perceived strengths, and recommendations for improvements. This study will contribute to growing research that examines the impact of UR at various institutions. Previous research suggests that incorporating UR into the undergraduate experience increases students’ confidence and critical thinking skills. Expected results should provide a snapshot encompassing the scope of UR as defined by NMU department heads and faculty. Based on collected data, policy recommendations will be generated. NMU and other collegiate institutions can utilize this model to examine UR and enhance undergraduates’ experiences with the purpose of student recruitment and retention.
[145]
Fluoxetine Sensitizes Glioblastoma Cells to Temozolomide Treatment
Allison Riehl, Senior - Neuroscience
Mary Grossman, Junior - Biochemistry
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Amber LaCrosse - Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center
Faculty Mentor: Daniel Raymond - Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center
Poster
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor and patients diagnosed with GBM have an average life expectancy of approximately 12-18 months. Typical treatment involves surgery and chemotherapy such as Temozolomide (TMZ). Based on recent literature, a novel approach to the treatment of GBM could include co-treatment with fluoxetine and temozolomide. Fluoxetine (FLX) is a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor medication typically used to treat conditions including depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and panic disorder. What makes FLX a possible novel treatment for GBM is that it readily passes through the blood brain barrier. The purpose of this study is to confirm the findings that FLX sensitizes GBM to chemotherapy similar to TMZ, and that this combination has a protective effect in normal astrocytes. Cell proliferation assays were conducted using established GBM cell lines U87MG and LN229. The astroglial cell line, SVG p12, were used to evaluate any cytoprotective effects. Cell lines were treated with TMZ only, FLX only, and a combination of TMZ and FLX. These cell lines were treated for 72 hours and assayed with Cell Quantiblue to determine cell viability relative to the vehicle control. Our data confirms that the novel combination of TMZ and FLX sensitized the GBM cell lines to TMZ treatment. The FLX co-treatments showed a significantly decreased IC50 value of TMZ for both GBM cell lines compared to TMZ only and FLX only treatments. This combination also presented a protective effect on normal astrocytes by increasing the IC50 value of TMZ when combined with FLX. This combination in the astroglial cell line, SVG, did not show a protective effect and had a similar result to the earlier GBM cell lines. From this data we can assume that FLX does sensitize all cell lines to TMZ treatment, meaning any patient treating their cancer with Temozolomide should pause or discontinue their treatment with Fluoxetine.
[146]
Global Overfishing of Sharks
Kyra Brazell, Senior - Biology
Meghan Pope, Senior - Biology
Brendan Zak, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
Shark species around the world are being decimated to the point of extinction as a result of the current high demand for shark fins and meat in global markets, which has led to the overfishing of shark populations. This pressure has caused concerns that if actions are not taken soon these fisheries could completely collapse. However, there are a lack of successful conservation efforts in place around the globe to protect these shark species. The goal of our project is to bring awareness of shark overfishing and to propose mitigation strategies that could help shark populations rebound. To accomplish this goal, we conducted an extensive literature review to examine this pressing issue from diverse perspectives. Many of these endangered sharks are keystone species in coral reef ecosystems because they keep the other inhabitants’ populations balanced through predation. Without the presence of sharks in coral reefs, prey populations would skyrocket and consume all of their forage, leaving the shark’s prey on the verge of their own population collapse, which could cascade into complete ecosystem failure. By raising awareness about the key ecosystem services that sharks provide and the far reaching effects that their population collapse would have on other habitats and species, we hope to educate others about the importance of maintaining stable shark populations around the globe. It is our aim that this education will lead to new and improved conservation efforts for shark species throughout our oceans.
[147]
Managing Sustainable Fisheries in the Mediterranean
Andrew Espinosa, Senior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Luke Larson, Sophomore - Environmental Science
Austin Heitzman, Senior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Jacob Thomasson, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
The Mediterranean Sea is home to more than 10,000 marine species and 7% of global marine species, despite making up just .7% of the ocean’s surface area (Gupta, 2017). This hotspot of biodiversity is currently in steep decline due to a combination of factors, most notably overfishing. Common current management strategies include catch quotas, marine protected areas (MPAs), and both spatial and temporal fishing restrictions. Overall, these management strategies have produced lackluster results. In order to keep the Mediterranean fishery at a sustainable level, some researchers think that fishing efforts need to be reduced by 50-60% (Vasilakopoulos et.al, 2014). Using an extensive literature review, we worked to produce a comprehensive management strategy that balances the need for reduced fishing effort with the economic importance of Mediterranean fishing industry. In order to achieve this goal, we need to inform the public of the significant effects that overfishing has on fisheries, and propose management strategies to mitigate overfishing. The Mediterranean Sea has been an indispensable human resource for thousands of years. As fishing effort continues to increase, it is more critical than ever to understand the Mediterranean fishery so that we can more effectively protect it.
[148]
Mass Waste: Fault of Consumers or Corporations?
Julia Soma, Senior - Biology - Ecology
Brenden Finazzo, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Adam Stoner, Junior - Biology
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
Have you ever been disappointed by an item you were initially excited to purchase? As consumers, we have all been exposed to the tactics of companies that encourage us to impulse purchase, whether it be the clever marketing of clothing, food, or electronics. These tactics have been known to lead to the overconsumption of products, and mass levels of waste. However, not much is known about how we can effectively stop this culture of mass consumption in an effort to create a more sustainable future. The goal of our project is to investigate the relationship between companies’ business practices and customer overconsumption to develop a deeper understanding of why so much waste is generated. To accomplish our goal, we conducted an extensive literature review on planned obsolescence, overconsumption, and mass waste. We focused our attention on fast fashion, food waste, and the contemporary manufacturing and distribution of products to gain a diverse perspective on the issue of mass consumption. Our hypothesis is that companies purposefully encourage impulse purchases and appeal to our emotional responses to gain higher levels of consumption, which ultimately leads to higher levels of waste. It is vital in the fight against overconsumption to understand how different parts of the system contribute to the problem of waste in order to lessen our impact at a time when Earth needs it most.
[149]
Oceanic Surfers
Anthony Reynolds, Sophomore - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Andrez Mira, Senior - Biology - Zoology
Paige Sutton, Senior - Genetic Biology
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
In recent decades, rising CO2 levels in oceans have caused various biochemical and biomechanical changes in ocean chemistry and biodiversity. Changing atmospheric CO2 levels have correlated to higher ocean acidification and rising ocean temperatures. The suitability of ocean chemistry for organisms has rapidly declined since the Industrial Revolution, due to increased production of consumer goods, burning of fossil fuels, greater frequency of transportation and an increase in commercial and residential buildings using gas. While there are several initiatives for reversing ocean acidification to its more suitable pH concentrations, the current global and economic scope of more sustainable practices have not garnered enough public attention or support needed for global change. These vital changes need to include change from the agricultural community, commercial industries, transportation systems, landscape management practices and everyday citizens. Presently, there are too few financial incentives promoting a decrease in CO2 emissions. A carbon tax, would substantially decrease the current CO2 emissions in the United States, as evident from successful CO2 reductions in other countries. Through extensive research of current literature on the relationships between decreasing pH levels, anthropogenic activity and the importance of biodiversity preservation, we will offer plausible methods to reduce the impact of ocean acidification. Specifically, we offer a political and economic outlook to provide solutions targeting reduction of ocean acidification.
[150]
Pi-Pi Interaction Based Organocatalyst Assembly for Asymmetric Reactions
Garrett Meso, Senior - Mathematics, Chemistry
Aya Waite, Junior - Sports Science
David Gregorich, Junior - Chemistry
Sam Smith, Junior - Chemistry
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Yu Liu - Chemistry
Poster
Aromatic donor-acceptor interaction as the driving force to assemble cooperative organocatalysts is studied in this research. Pyrene-proline and naphthalenediimide-thiourea self-assembled into organocatalysts through aromatic donor-acceptor interactions, and showed high catalytic activity and selectivity in the asymmetric Aldol reactions. Control experiments, NMR spectroscopy titrations, mass spectrometry measurement, and UV-vis spectroscopy titration confirmed that the catalysts assembled based on the aromatic donor-acceptor interaction, which can be a valuable noncovalent interaction in supramolecular catalyst development.
[151]
Relationship Between Brook Trout Egg Size and Larval Risk Behavior
Dillon Curtis, Senior - Biology - Zoology
Josh Perry, Senior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Nicole Tierney, Senior - Criminal Justice
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Jill Leonard - Biology
Poster
We examine boldness in correlation to egg size from one strain for brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) collected from one water source Spider Creek. Boldness is considered an important behavior balancing both access to food resources and risk from predation. Fertilized eggs were incubated at 3°C and analyzed using Image J prior to hatching in order to classify them as large or small.These eggs were then reared to hatching in standard laboratory conditions until one month post hatch after yolk-sac absorption was completed. In order to determine boldness, individual fish were placed in an acrylic behavioral test chamber which consisted of three zones, including an initial starting refuge zone, a central open field, and a distant refuge area. Following an acclimation period, the time taken by the fish to emerge into the open field and the occupancy time in the open field were determined from video recordings using Ethovision software. Boldness was indicated by a short period of refuge use and a longer occupation of the open field. Data suggest significant differences between fish hatched from large and small eggs, suggesting that maternal investment in the egg may help determine larval behavior critical to long term success in this species.
[152]
SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Wastewater via Digital Droplet Polymerase Chain Reaction
Molly Cormier, Senior - Biology
Bailey Gomes, Sophomore - Forensic Biochemistry
Ashley Dunneback, Junior - Biology
Katie Cothran, Senior - Biology
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Josh Sharp - Biology
Poster
SARS-CoV-2, or COVID-19 is a type of coronavirus that infects humans. It was first discovered in 2019 in Wuhan, China and has since spread worldwide infecting more than 100 million people as of March 2021. Due to the speed at which the virus spreads, primarily through respiratory droplets, close monitoring is necessary to detect potential outbreaks. One of the avenues of sampling involves detection of viral RNA in wastewater, which is a fast and accurate way to determine SARS-CoV-2 levels in a community. Clinical evidence suggests that both asymptomatic and symptomatic people pass SARS-CoV-2 viral particles in their feces very early on in the infection process. Studies indicate that viral particles can be detected in wastewater days before any clinical signs and symptoms are detectable in a patient.This provides critical information to public health authorities to track outbreaks and intervene earlier to prevent further spread of the virus. NMU partnered with Michigan EGLE to measure SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA levels in Marquette’s wastewater. Samples were collected weekly from four lift stations and the City of Marquette’s wastewater treatment plant. The raw samples were concentrated, and RNA was extracted and then processed via Digital Droplet Polymerase Chain Reaction (ddPCR) as described in the Standard Operating Procedure (Rose, et al.)1. Digital Droplet PCR is a nucleic acid detection system that uses water-oil emulsion droplets to quantify nucleic acid levels. Unlike other PCR techniques, ddPCR partitions individually generated droplets containing nucleic acid to provide absolute quantification that is highly sensitive. The data that was collected was used to observe SARS-CoV-2 levels over a period of fifteen weeks. High levels of SARS-CoV-2 were detected during the weeks of November 17th and December 1st, especially at the Pine Street Lift Station, and there has been a general downward trend.
[153]
Sea Lampreys (Petromyzon Marinus): The Aquatic Invaders of the Great Lakes
Marissa Symons, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Megan Quinn, Junior - Biology - Botany
Lorna Musgrave, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Faculty Mentor: Erin McKenney
Poster
Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) are parasitic fish-like organisms that have ripped their way through the Great Lakes, wreaking havoc on native fish populations. Sea lampreys are classified as an invasive species in the Great Lakes because of their ability to feed on and devastate populations of native fish species. Several methods, such as lampricides and barriers to migration, have been used to control the population of sea lampreys in the Great Lakes. However, studies are still being conducted to find new, sustainable, and less environmentally harmful management strategies. The goal of our project is to summarize and suggest sustainable methods to control sea lamprey populations in the Great Lakes. To accomplish this goal, we conducted an extensive literature review to examine this issue from diverse perspectives. Although lampricide is the most common eradication method used in the Great Lakes, trapping using an attractant and alarm repellent, leveraging functional genomics to edit the genome of sea lampreys present two alternative methods that could potentially be a safer option for ecosystems with invasive lampreys. Researching and implementing these methods will give scientists additional tools to effectively control sea lamprey populations, which will in turn protect native species, such as lake trout and whitefish, and promote healthy ecosystems and fisheries in the Great Lakes.
[154]
Synaptic Mechanisms Underlying Hyperactivity in Alzheimer’s Disease
Haley Mattila, Junior - Biology - Physiology
Anica Chesnut, Junior - Neuroscience
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Giuseppe Cortese - Biology
Poster
Patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are at an increased risk for developing seizures and epilepsy; a phenomenon thought to facilitate the rate and severity of cognitive decline and dementia. The relation between these two disorders has been supported by clinical data, yet the cellular mechanisms underlying phenotype are not known. One of the earliest events in AD is synaptic dysfunction, which can lead to significant changes in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Additionally, shifts in these forms of neurotransmission are commonly associated with hyperactive neural disorders. Here we seek to determine if synaptic mechanisms associated with hyperactivity are responsible for changes in neurophysiology with AD. We have identified a novel master regulator of synaptic gene expression that is reduced in AD and associated with hyperactivity, the ZCCHC17 gene. Reductions in ZCCHC17 expression alter neurotransmission by causing increased excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and decreased inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs). To uncover mechanism, we utilized primary cortical neurons with reduced ZCCHC17 expression to measure and compare levels of synaptic proteins known to regulate these forms of neurotransmission using Western blot analysis and immunostaining. Here we show that levels of the excitatory postsynaptic glutamate receptor (GLUA1) and presynaptic vesicle protein (Vglut1) are increased in neurons with reduced ZCCHC17 expression, while levels of the inhibitory receptor (GABAA) and presynaptic vesicle protein (VGAT) are decreased. These data suggest that there are both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms responsible for the shift in neurotransmission, and further propose overlapping mechanisms associated with hyperactive disorders and AD. Our findings are the first to report a role for ZCCHC17 in the expression of hyperactive phenotypes in AD patients.
[155]
The Decline of Major Pollinator Groups
Ian Dean, Senior - Biology
Abigail King, Sophomore - Environmental Science
Joshua Reynolds, Junior - Biology
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
Pollinators include a diverse range of species, each facing their own unique conservation challenges. Insect species such as bees and butterflies received a lot of attention as the decline of pollinators began to be recognized by the scientific community, but other pollinator species lack the same recognition. Scientists are currently uncovering and analyzing the threats that pollinators currently face, as well as strategies that are most effective to combat these. Current threats to pollinators include habitat loss, competition, climate change and over use of pesticides. More information on the relationships between these threats and successful strategies is needed to develop effective conservation solutions. The goal of the project is therefore to compare and contrast the ecological challenges of major pollinator groups and identify conservation strategies that could be applied effectively across the species. To address this goal, major groups of pollinators were identified including, birds, bees, bats, flies, and lizards. We conducted an extensive literature review to collect a comprehensive summary of challenges that these different pollinators face globally. By identifying and comparing major groups of pollinators and the major conservation-based challenges associated with each pollinator group, we can adapt conservation strategies to be more complete and ecologically inclusive in the approach. The conservation of pollinators across taxa is extremely important because these species are essential to the growth and preservation of ecosystems around the world.
[156]
The Expression of Cannabinoid Receptors in Glioblastoma Multiforme Tumors
Bailey Gomes, Sophomore - Forensic Biochemistry
Margaret Lorenz, Freshman - Biology - Zoology
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Amber LaCrosse - Upper Michigan Brain Tumor Center
Poster
Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a common type of malignant brain tumor. It is one of the deadliest and most aggressive forms of solid cancer with over 95% of patients dying within 5 years of diagnosis. This type of tumor is incredibly difficult to treat because of its high rate of cellular proliferation and heterogeneous nature. Cannabinoid receptors are part of the endocannabinoid system and can be found throughout the body. The endocannabinoid system is involved in several physiological processes such as appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory. Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) are of a class of cell membrane receptors in the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. CB1 receptors are located predominantly throughout the central nervous system, while CB2 receptors are found mostly in the immune and gastrointestinal systems. Despite the lack of CB2 receptors in the central nervous system, literature supports that CB2 receptors are present in gliomas, and their expression increases as tumor grade increases. The literature regarding CB1 expression reports conflicting results on whether this protein increases or decreases with tumor grade. These reports lend to the importance of these receptors in regard to characterizing and treating particularly aggressive cancers. We hypothesize that both CB1 and CB2 expression will increase when tumor grade increases. Our project aims to add to the literature on CB1 and to come to a consensus on its effects as well as to replicate results with the existing literature on CB2. Having a better understanding of the receptors’ locations may allow for targeted drug therapy and extend patient survival.
[157]
The Extortion of Nature: Water Pollution
Jacqueline Kogut, Sophomore - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Liam McInerney, Senior - Environmental Science
Emma Waatti, Sophomore - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
In the words of Goel, P.K., pollution cannot be eliminated from the Earth as long as every single person is still living on the earth: man is the cause of pollution. The Earth’s surface is covered with ~71% of water, and roughly 3.5% of this water supply is freshwater. Our freshwater is being depleted right before our eyes due to water pollution from various sources, both locally and globally. Though we are becoming more aware of this growing problem water pollution poses, we still have much to learn about both the short and long-term effects that different types of water pollution have on direct physiological responses in humans and other organisms. The goals of this project are (1) to illuminate the devastating effects that a variety of common water pollutants have when present in the environment, and (2) to propose strategies to mitigate and reverse this damage. To accomplish these goals, we conducted an extensive literature review to examine water pollution from diverse perspectives. Currently, there are several objectives we can work towards to help eliminate water pollution, including: better regulation of industrial pollution sources; proper disposal of household chemicals, prescription medicines, cooking fats and oils; installation of water-efficient appliances, and minimizing the use of pesticides. By advancing our knowledge of water pollution, we can contribute to a cleaner Earth.
[158]
The Impact of Oil
Christopher Inosencio, Junior - Biology
Jonathan Sullivan, Junior - Criminal Justice
Allison Hillstrom, Junior - Outdoor Recreation Leadership and Management
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
Oil production and consumption have lasting detrimental impacts on the environment, but the oil industry is rarely held accountable for its actions. While regulations have been placed on the oil industry, these regulations are not aggressive enough to incentivize oil companies to make changes that protect the environment. New regulations that increase governmental oversight and mandatory disaster preparation will force the oil industry to deal with the environmental consequences of mismanagement. The goals of this project are to evaluate the current regulations on the oil industry, and to propose improvements based on the extent of damage caused under the current standards, as well as the need for conservation and environmental protection especially in areas that are losing biodiversity as a result of these operations. To achieve these goals, we must account for perspectives on human dependence and environmental conditions that are directly affected by the poor accountability of the oil industry. Expanding current knowledge of how the oil industry interacts with humans and the environment and how it impacts them is vital to shifting the public framework and regulations going forward. By proposing new or updated regulations that draw on environmental and industry perspectives, oil can evolve from an industry that is directly related to natural disasters to a conscientious environmental partner that is able to safely support oil consumption.
[159]
The Perils of Palm Oil Plantations
Kylie Lanser, Sophomore - Biology - Zoology
Julia Hrynkiw, Junior - Environmental Science
Emma Stafford, Senior - Environmental Studies
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Faculty Mentor: Erin McKenney
Poster
Biodiversity is constantly at risk as ecosystems are always changing and being fragmented due to environmental factors such as the palm oil industry. The need for systemic change and international regulation of the palm oil industry is greater now than ever before. Deforestation across the world continues to increase as the appetite for packaged goods and fuel containing palm oil skyrockets. Largely, much of the palm oil harvested derives from unsustainable methods of production that cause ecological harm to numerous species and their habitats. However, a large part of the world’s population does not know the extent of the problem at hand, or that the problem even exists. The goal of this project is to raise public awareness about the devastating impacts of unsustainable palm oil production and the role of the palm oil industry in biodiversity loss. To accomplish this goal, we conducted an extensive literature review to examine the issue of biodiversity loss by the unsustainable palm oil industry from diverse perspectives. Without establishing interventions and education methods to mitigate biodiversity loss associated with the palm oil industry, the rate of biodiversity loss will continue to increase past a corrective point. By reducing the consumption of unsustainable palm oil or choosing oil and food options that are ethically sourced, the threat to biodiversity will be reduced, which creates other biological benefits for ecosystems around the world.
[160]
Trophy Hunting: Impact and Relevance to Species Conservation
Mitchell Hawthorne, Senior - Biology
Jon Vigilant, Senior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Austin Corbin, Junior - Fisheries & Wildlife Management
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
Power, the satisfaction of domination, the thrill of the sport, or even the desire to manage populations - these are all factors that may drive a person to engage in or support trophy hunting. Hunters and conservationists often share the perception that trophy hunting is a necessary method of managing populations and that without it many species will suffer. In fact, many trophy hunters may justify their actions in the name of conservation, while negating arguments against trophy hunting that are rooted in emotions and ethics. Many government officials also believe that trophy hunting results in economic opportunity and an influx of wealth to the underprivileged local populace, the little evidence that exists to support these outcomes seem to conveniently go missing as there is no documentation to prove this. Many have even come to share the belief that trophy hunting is indeed a necessity for conservation. However, a review of scholarly literature reveals that there is insufficient scientific, statistical or, tangible evidence to support this claim. We examined the arguments for and against trophy hunting, particularly as it pertains to conservation, to reveal that a world without trophy hunting is far more beneficial for conservation than the perceived advantages. By looking to science, it becomes clear that abolishing trophy hunting will ultimately help populations of species and create new alternatives for conservation.
[161]
Undergraduate Research at Northern Michigan University: Students Perspective
Hannah Kuehnau, Junior - Sociology
Lauren Caprini, Junior - Sociology
RayDale Manthey, Senior - Sociology
Cecilia Ware, Senior - Social Work
Kendra Grubbs, Senior - Social Work
Daisy Cotterman, Sophomore - Social Work
Brynn Ellisen, Junior - Social Work
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Yan Ciupak - Sociology and Anthropology
Poster
At Northern Michigan University, undergraduate students are given the opportunity to conduct research in both extracurricular and intracurricular environments. However, there is insufficient institutional knowledge as to the participation and experiences of undergraduate research(UR). As an important component of a larger project, this study seeks to provide an overview from the students’ perspectives and experiences of UR at NMU. Phase 1 will incorporate data that is collected from department heads, faculty, and students through a sequential mixed method that involves Qualtrics surveys followed by focus group interviews. The exploration of this topic is driven by the following guiding questions: How many undergraduate students are involved in research and what type of research? What are the reasons undergraduate students choose to participate in a research experience? What are the challenges and successes related to undergraduate student research? This study will develop a better understanding of the challenges, motives, and departmental differences that affect research at NMU in order to improve UR methods and processes. It is important to improve the research opportunities, experiences, and support at NMU because maintaining a strong undergraduate research program is essential for the success of the university. Integrating a research component along with an established academic foundation enables students to develop oral, written, and independent critical thinking skills. In addition, faculty members can enhance learning experiences for students and benefit from a productive research agenda. The university in turn benefits from presentations and publications that increase visibility in the scientific community. Once a comprehensive understanding of UR at NMU is established, then a clear path to improvement can be made through informed policy formation and evaluation.
[162]
An Investigation of Intercommunity Interactions; Moose, Grey Wolf, and Coyote
Emma Love, Senior - Environmental Science
Faculty Mentor: Dr. Diana Lafferty - Biology
Poster
The Grey Wolf, once a dominant predator over much of North America, now only occupies 20% of the land it once did. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced they were to begin the process to remove the species from the Endangered Species List in March 2019. This is worrisome for many because the Grey Wolf population stands at around 6,000 individuals in the continental US being far from the claim of "stable, and healthy". The goal of this research is to evaluate how the Grey Wolf will interact with Moos its prey, versus the Coyote which is the wolf's competitor. The hypothesis is; the Grey Wolf's activity patterns will align to interact with its prey, the Moose, much more frequently than its competitor the Coyote. The research data was collected using the nationwide database for camera trapping, Snapshot USA and then analyzed using a chi-squared distribution. The results showed that we fail to reject the hypothesis based off the Grey Wolf's statistics, and reject the hypothesis based off both the Coyote and Moose statistics. The data revealed the daily activity patterns were; Grey Wolf being cathemeral, Coyote being nocturnal, and the Moose being diurnal. The Grey Wolf is cathemeral, meaning their daily activity pattern overlaps with both its prey the Moose, as well as its competitor the Coyote. This study is important because it shows how this triangle of intercommunity interactions lines up through spatial and temporal data. In turn, this can help scientists and conservationist understand the activity patterns of these animals who interact, how their behaviors have changed over time, and how we can fully assist to prevent further habitat and population damage.